Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD is an acronym for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is also written as Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. This is one of the most common disorders of childhood development. Apart from affecting children, it is also found in adults. Individuals suffering from ADHD condition may appear restless, and unable to concentrate or pay attention to tasks.
It is important to note that there are other several conditions whose signs and symptoms resemble ADHD.
Therefore, a proper assessment and evaluation should be conducted before diagnosing an individual with ADHD.
Examples of other conditions which resemble ADHD include;
- Seizure disorders
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
- Mood disorders such as anxiety
- Injury to the brain
Facts
- ADHD is a disorder that affects the human brain
- ADHD affects both children and adults
- For diagnosis, ADHD requires thorough assessment and evaluation
- Similarity with other medical problems can cause difficulty in diagnosis, hence lead to misdiagnoses.
- This condition begins in earlier years of life(childhood)
- With the proper combination of medicines, therapy and lifestyle changes, the condition can be treated is treatable
- ADHD presents in several types and these include;
- Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulse Presentation
- Combined Presentation
Epidemiology
- About 10% of children in the United States of America between 12-17 years have been diagnosed with ADHD
- Globally, the figure is at 7%
- Twice as common in boys and children assigned males at birth as compared to girls and children assigned females at birth.
Risks
The following are risk factors for ADHD;
- Babies born prematurely
- Drug and substance abuse by pregnant mothers
- Being exposed to toxins in the surrounding. For example, lead.
- Positive family history of ADHD or related mental health problems.
- Genetics
It is believed that sugar in the brain of a child will lead to development of ADHD. Even though, scientific research is yet to show proof or disproof. Therefore, this is taken a myth by some scientists.
Causes
The exact causes of this disorder are not yet fully comprehended. Science and technology are yet to unveil specific causes of ADHD.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of inattention include;
- Difficulty in remaining attentive during activities
- Forgetfulness
- Easily distracted
- Inability to organize activities and duties
- Failing to finish tasks such as school assignments
- Inability to listen attentively when addressed
Symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity;
- Talking excessively
- Frequently interupting schoolmates or colleagues
- Inability to take part in activities quietly
- Inappropriate movements and restlessness
- Acting contrary to expectations. For example, standing up when expected to remain seated.
Diagnosis
Currently, there are no specific diagnostic tests that can be conducted to diagnose ADHD.
These include;
- Clinical examination to rule out other possible causes of symptoms
- Obtaining a detailed history of the patient
- Administer questionnaires or conduct interviews with colleagues, family members or close relatives of the patient to be able to understand their behaviours.
- ADHD rating scales
Management and Treatment
Treatment for ADHD involves combination of medicines and psychological therapy.
Psychological therapies include cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT)
Medical drugs are used to manage symptoms, but not to cure the condition.
Medicines used in this condition include;
Stimulant medications such as-
- Amphetamines; Dextroamphetamine
- Methylphenidates; Dexmethylphenidate and mmethylphenidate
Other medications;
- Clonidine
- Guanfacine
- Atomoxetine
Therapy;
- Psychotherapy
- Behavioral therapy
Prevention
- Pregnant/ expectant women should avoid drinking alcoholic substances
- Minimize the amount of time your child spends on screens, watching television or playing video games, during their first half decade of life.
- Protect young children from toxic substances in he environment, such as lead and smoke from tobacco products.
- Receiving adequate amount of sleep
- Embrace healthy eating behaviours. For example, consume lots of vegetables, fruits and whole grains.
