Author Archives: PAULO

    Introduction Cystic fibrosis is a genetic (inherited) disorder that is known to affect a specific protein in the human body, leading to a faulty protein that affects cells, tissues and glands that are responsible for making mucus and sweat. This disorder causes problems with breathing and digestion. In a normal lung with a… Read More »

  Overview Acute kidney injury(AKI) refers to a medical condition whereby the kidneys suddenly stop functioning properly.Usually, there is a sudden and often reversible reduction in the functioning of the kidneys. Glomerular filtration rate(GFR) is one of the parameters used to measure kidney function. Earlier on, this condition used to be referred to as acute… Read More »

  Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is a slow and  gradual loss of kidney function that occurs over several years. Due to retention of fluid, it can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure) and swelling. It can get worse over time, leading to kidney failure.   CKD interferes with normal functioning of kidneys.  … Read More »

Introduction Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease that affects the brain and the spinal cord(parts of the central nervous system). It occurs as a result of the immune system attacking myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells. Without a myelin sheath, damage occurs to nerves and there is even miscommunication in the nervous system. This condition can… Read More »

Overview Infertility is a medical condition where a heterosexual couple is unable to get a child after one year of attempting to conceive through regular unprotected sex. Types of infertility; These include primary, secondary and unexplained infertility. Primary infertility: Here, the individual woman has never been pregnant and is unable to conceive after 12 months… Read More »

  Overview Prostatitis is a condition that affects the prostate gland in men and people assigned males at birth, which is associated with inflammation. Inflammation is the body’s reaction to tissue injury. It can also involve areas around the prostate gland within the pelvic area. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases(NIDDK) developed… Read More »

  Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism is also referred to as autism spectrum disorder. The definition of autism keeps on changing as years go by and as we understand more information about it. Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disability which affects how individuals think, communicate and inter-relate with the world. Autism spectrum disorder, a condition related… Read More »

  Overview Smoking is the unhealthy practice of inhaling smoke from burnt materials, especially of plant origin such as tobacco or bhang. Usually, the material is rolled into a wrapper. Tobacco smoke contains at least 70 known carcinogenic compounds(cancer-causing chemicals). It is harmful to nearly every organ in the human body. Tobacco smoking is the… Read More »

  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease It is a long-term lung disease that characterized by difficulty breathing. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It causes restricted airflow and breathing problems. Damage caused to lungs by this condition is irreversible. The primary cause of COPD is smoking. However, it should be noted that not every smoker ends… Read More »

Overview Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterial micro-organism, Treponema pallidum. T. pallidum is a gram negative spirochete (spiral-shaped). The infection is spread through sexual contact with infected individuals. This is an infectious disease, that can also spread to other areas if left untreated. It affects the central nervous system(brain and spinal… Read More »